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Simon Smith Kuznets (, ; ; April 30, 1901 – July 8, 1985) was an American economist, statistician, demographer, and economic historian who won the 1971 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences "for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development". Kuznets made a decisive contribution to the transformation of economics into empirical science and to the formation of quantitative economic history.〔Abramovitz M. Simon Kuznets (1901–1985) // The Journal of Economic History, March 1986, v.46, no.1, p. 246.〕 ==Biography== He was born of a Jewish family in Kharkov,〔 located in Ukraine since the country's independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Kuznets studied in the Second public school taking primary and secondary classes in 1915–1917. After the graduation he enrolled at the University of Kharkiv. There he began to study economics and became exposed to Joseph Schumpeter's theory of innovation and the business cycle.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title = Про університет. Історична довідка )〕 In 1918, Kuznets entered the Kharkiv Institute of Commerce where he studied economic sciences, statistics, history and mathematics under the guidance of professors P. Fomin (political economy), A. Antsiferov (statistics), V. Levitsky (economic history and economic thought), S. Bernstein (probability theory), V. Davats (mathematics), and others. Basic academic courses at the Institute helped him to acquire “exceptional” erudition in economics, as well as in history, demography, statistics and natural sciences. According to the Institute’s curriculum, development of the national economies had to be analyzed in the wider context of changes in connected spheres and with involvement of proper methods and empirical data. At the turn of 1920–1921 years, the normal course in the Institute was interrupted by the events of the Civil War and reorganizations undertaken by the Soviet authorities in the sphere of the higher education. There is no precise information whether Kuznets continued his studies at the Institute, but it is known that he joined the Department of Labor of UZHBURO (South Bureau) of the Central Council of Trade Unions. There he published his first scientific paper, "Monetary wages and salaries of factory workers in Kharkiv in 1920"; he explored the dynamics of different types of wages by industries in Kharkiv and income differentiation, depending on the wage system.〔Кузнец С. Денежная заработная плата рабочих и служащих фабрично-заводской промышленности г. Харькова в 1920 г. // Материалы по статистике труда на Украние. Под ред. Зав. отд. труда И. Н. Дубинской. – Вып. 2. – Июль 1921 г. – С. 53–64. (Репринтная публикация (Бизнес Информ ). – № 9 – 10. – 2002 г.)〕 In 1922, the Kuznets family emigrated to the United States. Kuznets then studied at Columbia University under the guidance of Wesley Clair Mitchell. He graduated with a B.Sc. in 1923, M.A. in 1924, and Ph.D. in 1926.〔(Simon Kuznets, Cautious Empiricist of the Eastern European Jewish Diaspora )〕 As his magister thesis, he defended the essay “Economic system of Dr. Schumpeter, presented and analyzed”, written in Kharkiv. From 1925 to 1926, Kuznets spent time studying economic patterns in prices as the Research Fellow at the Social Science Research Council. It was this work that led to his book "Secular Movements in Production and Prices", defended as a doctoral thesis and published in 1930. In 1927, he became a member of the research staff of the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), where he worked until 1961. From 1931 until 1936, Kuznets was a part-time professor at the University of Pennsylvania, he was elected to the Pi Gamma Mu social science honor society chapter at the University of Pennsylvania and actively served as a chapter officer in the 1940s; becoming a full-time professor 1936 until 1954. In 1954, Kuznets moved to Johns Hopkins University, where he was Professor of Political Economy until 1960. From 1961 until his retirement in 1970, Kuznets taught at Harvard. Apart from that, Kuznets collaborated with a number of research organizations and government agencies. In 1931–1934, at Mitchell’s behest, Kuznets took charge of the NBER’s work on U.S. national income accounts, given the first official estimation of the US national income. In 1936, Kuznets took the lead in establishing the Conference on Research Income and Wealth, which brought together government officials and academic economists, engaged in the development of the U.S. national income and product accounts, and in 1947 helped to establish its international counterpart, the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth. During the World War II, in 1942–1944 Kuznets became the associate director of the Bureau of Planning and Statistics, War Production Board. He took part in works aimed to assess the capacity to expand military production. Researchers used national income accounting together with a rough form of linear programming to measure the potential for increased production and the sources from which it would come and to identify the materials that were binding constraints on expansion.〔Simon S. Kuznets 1901–1985: A Biographical Memoir by Robert W. Fogel // Biographical Memoirs, vol. 79. – Published 2001 By The National Academy Press Washington, D.C., p. 213.〕 After the War, he worked as an advisor for the governments of China, Japan, India, Korea, Taiwan, and Israel in the establishment of their national systems of economic information. Kuznets cooperated with the Growth Center of Yale University, the Social Science Research Council (SSRC). He guided extensive research holding a number of positions in research institutions,such as the Chairman of the Falk Project for Economic Research in Israel, 1953–1963; member of the Board of Trustees and honorary chairman, Maurice Falk Institute for Economic Research in Israel, from 1963; and Chairman, Social Science Research Council Committee on the Economy of China, 1961–1970. Kuznets was elected as the President of the American Economic Association (1954), President of the American Statistical Association (1949), an honorable member of the Association of Economic History, the Royal Statistical Society of England and a member of the Econometric Society, the International Statistical Institute, the American Philosophical Society, the Royal Swedish Academy, a corresponding member of the British Academy. He was awarded the Medal of Francis Walker (1977). Simon Kuznets died on July 8, 1985, at the age of 84. In 2013 The Kharkiv National University of Economics where he studied in 1918–1921 was named after him (Semen Kuznets Kharkiv National University of Economics). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Simon Kuznets」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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